The successor of the liquid crystal, the new luminescent material of the OLED screen, has appeared. This kind of material solves the problem of high power consumption and high cost of OLED, and is expected to blow the horn of the full popularity of OLED. For Japanese companies who are following the South Korean companies, this will become a powerful weapon to fight back.
OLED (Electro Luminescence) screen is recognized as the mainstream technology of the new generation screen used in smartphones and other products. It has the characteristic that the organic material itself emits light after the voltage is applied.
Compared with the LCD screen that must use a backlight to display, the OLED screen is not only clear, but also easier to achieve thinner. In the future, bendable products are also expected to be put into practical use, and can be used in many applications such as smartphones, TVs, and lighting.
Now, OLED screens have been adopted by some small products such as smart phones. For example, South Korea ’s Samsung Electronics will equip NTT DoCoMo ’s new smartphone “GALAXY S4†for summer commercial warfare with a 5-inch OLED screen that supports high-definition video display.
However, contrary to the eager expectations of the market, nowadays, mobile phones that really use OLED screens are still limited to some high-end models that vigorously promote high picture quality. In the large-screen market, OLED has not yet shown the momentum to replace liquid crystal. The reason is high cost and high power consumption.
Kyushu University's most advanced organic optoelectronic research center (OPERA) has made a breakthrough. The center is an industry-government-academic cooperation team jointly established by 27 universities, research institutions and companies including Kyoto University, Nara University of Science and Technology, Panasonic, Japan Display, and Mitsubishi Rayon.
The universities and enterprises joining the center have developed their respective strengths in the fields of materials, devices, and commercialization technology, and have carried out a series of research from basic to application on an open platform. Similar to the "Japan National Team Project". In December 2012, OPERA announced the development of epoch-making new materials.
The new material is characterized by high luminous efficiency. The efficiency of converting the electrical energy generated when the OLED material is loaded with voltage into light energy is close to 100%, and the cost is less than 1/10 of the original.
If put into practical use, the manufactured screen can reduce power consumption and cost in addition to good display performance, thinness and softness. It is indeed the ultimate screen. Using such a screen, it is possible to produce a smartphone with a low price, good picture quality, and a long standby time.
No rare metals
What are the differences between new OLED materials and existing materials?
Existing OLED materials include two types, "fluorescent materials" that emit light for a short time after voltage is applied, and "phosphorescent materials" that emit light for a long time. The luminescent material developed by OPERA can be regarded as the "type 3 luminescent material" after the two (Professor Anda Chiba, Director of the OPERA Center).
The basic principles of the three types of materials are the same. Both are provided with a light emitting layer with a thickness of about 100 nanometers (nano is 1 part per billion) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a voltage is applied to the light emitting layer. In this way, positively charged "holes" will occur in the positive electrode, and negatively charged "electrons" will occur in the negative electrode.
After the two attract each other and combine with each other, the luminescent material will enter an "excited state" with high energy. Over time, the excited luminescent material will gradually release energy and return to its original state. In the meantime, the luminescent material will release light and heat. The light in it enters our eyes in the form of images and so on.
Compared with phosphorescent materials, fluorescent materials have lower cost but poor luminous efficiency. Only 25% of the electrical energy generated by the applied voltage can be used to emit light. The remaining 75% is converted into heat energy release, so the battery will soon be depleted.
Phosphorescent materials can use 100% of the electrical energy for luminescence, and can convert fluorescent materials into thermal energy and discard all 75% of the energy into light energy. It is "rare metals such as platinum and iridium" used as additive materials (Professor Anda of OPERA) that exerts the conversion function.
However, these rare metals are expensive and unevenly distributed, and procurement is unstable. Large-scale use will inevitably increase the cost and the risk of stable production. Now, the cost of phosphorescent materials is still extremely high, more than 10 times that of fluorescent materials.
Fluorescent materials and phosphorescent materials have their own advantages, and they lack decisive tricks. In this way, the competitiveness of OLED is difficult to exceed LCD.
OPERA has developed materials that can achieve high luminous efficiency without using high-cost rare metals. By improving the molecular structure, even if no rare metals are used, the material can convert 75% of the electrical energy released by the fluorescent material in the form of thermal energy into light energy.
The development process has gone through hardships. Professor Anda of OPERA said that the principle of the third type of material "has already existed, and it has been included in the textbook. It is not a new thing." However, it is not easy to realize a molecular structure that can achieve high-efficiency luminescence without using rare metals. To this end, "(Researchers) re-examined the structure of organic substances as luminescent materials from scratch".
The molecular structure of organic substances composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and other elements is almost unlimited. During the development of OPERA, a large number of materials with different molecular structures were trial-produced. After unremitting research, we finally found a structure that does not use rare metals and has high luminous efficiency.
Through repeated fine-tuning of the structure, the luminous efficiency of the OLED screen trial product using green light-emitting materials reached a record of 94%, approaching 100%.
Now, with the goal of practical and mass production of new OLED materials, OPERA has launched new actions.
In March 2013, OPERA established the "Organic Optoelectronics Practical Development Center (i3-OPERA)". "Newly united 7 material companies (other than the original members) to develop" (Hachihiro Masao, deputy director of i3-OPERA Center).
In 2013, OPERA also plans to establish a development-oriented venture with the ambition to improve the performance of new materials.
The development of low-cost, high luminous efficiency OLED materials is not just OPERA. Idemitsu Kogyo, the largest producer of existing OLED materials, also spares no effort.
Like OPERA, the goal of Idemitsu Kosei is to convert 75% of the energy released into heat into light energy without using rare metals. The characteristic of the company's technology is that while improving the luminous efficiency, the atomic structure of existing fluorescent materials can be basically used. "The way to achieve this is to add a special organic layer between the fluorescent material and the negative electrode" (Xiong Jun, director of the Electronic Materials Department of Idemitsu Kosei).
Because the existing material is used, this material has the advantage of being practical and simple, but there are also many problems. The most obvious is the large energy loss. Although the theoretical luminous efficiency is 25% higher than the existing fluorescent materials, it is only 40%, which is less than half of the latter compared with 94% achieved by OPERA.
Sound the counterattack horn
Japanese companies were originally at the forefront of OLED screen research and development. But now it is willing to worship the disadvantages of Korean companies. As introduced at the beginning, in addition to Samsung's adoption of high-end smartphones, in the field of large-scale TVs, South Korea's LG Electronics has also started to produce 55-inch products in small quantities from January.
In order to launch a counterattack, major Japanese electromechanical companies are now promoting the commercialization of OLED screens. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January in Las Vegas, USA, Sony and Panasonic each exhibited 56-inch "4K" TV prototypes with a resolution four times that of HD. In April, Sony Display, Toshiba, Hitachi, Ltd., a small and medium-sized screen business merger company, Japan Display, also developed a 5-inch prototype for smartphones that supports high-definition display.
OLED's "type 3 luminescent material" is a world-leading technology born in Japan. Facing the full popularization of this material, Professor Anda of OPERA stated that in the future, "OPERA hopes to cooperate with Japanese electromechanical companies to develop for practical use."
In the face of South Korean companies that have established an overwhelming mass production system in the LCD field and strengthened their technical strength, Japan ’s digital home appliances have actually failed. However, if Japanese companies can gather the world's highest level of material technology to realize the practicality and mass production of new OLED materials, this may become the driving force for regaining the hegemony of digital home appliances.
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