The specimens we commonly use in clinical testing generally include blood (referred to as blood, venous blood), urine, feces, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural and ascites fluid, prostate fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, etc. However, the collection time, method and storage of these specimens Certain requirements, the following introduces you to several, the most commonly used methods, I hope to help everyone.
1. Urine specimen
Like blood specimens, urine specimens are also greatly affected by factors such as diet, exercise, and medication, especially diet. Therefore, in general, morning urine is better than random urine. Morning urine refers to the first urine specimen after waking up in the morning, which is more concentrated and acidified, and has relatively concentrated constituents (such as blood cells, epithelial cells, and tubular shape) that are relatively concentrated for easy observation. ELISA kit random urine is a random urine, which is convenient to take, but it is easily affected by diet, exercise, drugs, and is prone to false positive and false negative results, such as dietary proteinuria, dietary diabetes, and vitamin C interference occult blood results. . Postprandial urine (patient urine collected 2 hours after lunch) is suitable for urine sugar, urine protein and urinary bilegen examination. Urine specimens at this time can increase the sensitivity of the test and detect milder lesions. The 12-hour urine cell count is the Addis count (all urine is taken after emptying the bladder at 8:00 the night before and until 8:00 the next morning). Due to the longer time, bacteria are prone to multiply, and the preservative formaldehyde must be added. Quantification of chemical substances in 24-hour urine (all urine collected after emptying the bladder at 8 am on the first day until 8 am the next day), including protein, sugar, urine 17-keto, 17-hydroxysteroids, catecholamines, Ca2 +, etc., to detect different substances and choose different preservatives for preservation. The mid-clean urine is mostly used for urinary bacterial culture, which requires sterility. After washing the vulva, leave the specimen. The collection of all urine specimens should be sufficient, at least 12 ml, preferably 50 ml, all urine must be collected regularly, female patients should avoid vaginal discharge, menstrual contamination of urine specimens.
2. Fecal specimens
The detection of stool samples has important reference value for judging digestive system diseases. When collecting, it is required to use clean bamboo sticks to select feces containing abnormal pathological components such as mucus, pus and blood. Feces with no abnormal appearance must be collected from the surface, deep and multiple ends of the feces. When looking for parasites and counting eggs, collect feces for 24 hours. The dysentery amoeba trophozoite should be checked immediately after defecation, and the material should be taken from the place with pus blood and softness, and kept warm for inspection. When examining the eggs of Schistosoma japonicum, the mucus and pus blood should be taken. At least 30g of feces should be kept when the larvae are hatched, and they must be processed as soon as possible. Examination of pinworm eggs must be carried out with a transparent film swab from the folds around the anus at 12 pm or early in the morning before defecation and microscopic examination immediately. Occult blood test (chemical method), fasting meat and food containing animal blood 3 days before the test and taking iron, ELISA kit vitamin C, etc. All stool samples should be checked within 1 hour after collection to prevent damage to digestive enzymes and pH.
3. CSF samples
The cerebrospinal fluid specimens are sent for inspection immediately after being collected. If they are left for too long, it will affect the test results: such as cell degeneration and destruction, resulting in inaccurate counting and classification; some chemical substances such as glucose will reduce the decomposition content; autolysis of bacteria affects the detection rate of bacteria . After the cerebrospinal fluid is drawn, three sterile tubes are generally divided, the first tube is used for bacterial culture, the second tube is used for chemical analysis and immunological examination, and the third tube is used for general traits and microscopic examination. The order of the three tubes should not be reversed. Due to the difficulty of specimen collection, attention should be paid to safety during all inspection and testing procedures.
4. Blood specimen
Some physiological factors, such as smoking, eating, exercise, mood swings, pregnancy, posture, etc., can affect the changes of certain components in the blood, and some even have circadian changes. Therefore, the collection of blood specimens should avoid the interference of physiological factors as much as possible, and the conditions should be consistent. If this cannot be avoided, the factors should be noted on the specimens.
1. peripheral blood
Generally, blood is collected from the inside of the left ring finger. The area should be free of frostbite, inflammation, edema, and damage. If the part does not meet the requirements, replace it with Other finger parts. For patients with burns, blood can be collected from the entire skin. Because some blood routine tests (such as white blood cell count, classification, etc.) are affected by physiological factors, the fluctuations are too large, so the conditions should be as consistent as possible when comparing. Involved in the test of the test items (such as platelet count, bleeding time or coagulation time, etc.) involving in vivo and coagulation function, we must pay attention to understand whether the patient has used anticoagulant or procoagulant drugs in order to reduce or avoid the influence of interference factors.
2. Venous blood
Except for various hemostasis and thrombosis testing projects, anticoagulated venous blood plasma is required. At present, most of the analysis of testing projects can directly use venous blood serum. In the serum test items, some (such as blood sugar, blood lipids, etc.) are greatly affected by diet and day and night factors, generally fasting blood samples in the morning are appropriate; some decay faster in the blood (serum enzyme activity measurement such as ACP activity, etc.), The storage activity of 0 ~ 4 ℃ is also weakened. The detection of these items must be timely and rapid; some (such as creatine kinase, etc.) are greatly affected by sports and other factors. It is also very important to avoid the occurrence of hemolysis when drawing blood, especially involving the determination of blood potassium and LDH.
V. Prostate fluid specimen
Prostate fluid specimens are collected after prostate massage. When the amount of fluid is small, it is directly dropped on the glass slide for timely inspection. Care must be taken to prevent the specimens from drying out. Collect them in clean and dry test tubes when the amount is large. If you can't massage the prostate fluid, you can check the urine sediment after massage.
Six, pleural and ascites specimens
As with cerebrospinal fluid specimens, pay attention to the safety of the collected specimens and send them for inspection in a timely manner. Generally, it is divided into three tubes, one tube for routine cytology examination, one tube for biochemical examination, and one tube for bacterial culture, and the sequence should be the same as cerebrospinal fluid.
7. Specimens of vaginal discharge
Sex, vaginal baths, vaginal examinations, vaginal lavage, and local application of medicines should be prohibited 24 hours before vaginal specimen collection. The equipment used for sampling should be clean. Generally, a cotton swab moistened with saline is taken from the deep vagina or the back of the vaginal fornix, the cervical canal, etc., and a saline smear is made to observe the vaginal secretion specimens. The menstrual women should not check the vaginal secretion specimens.
Eight, pleural and ascites specimens
As with cerebrospinal fluid specimens, pay attention to the safety of the collected specimens and promptly send the ELISA kit for inspection. Generally, it is divided into three tubes, one tube for routine cytology examination, one tube for biochemical examination, and one tube for bacterial culture, and the sequence should be the same as cerebrospinal fluid.
Super Soft Crystal Fabric,Hot Sell Sherpa Fabric,Single Side Sherpa Fabric,Sherpa Fabric For Blanket
SHAOXING RICH HOPE TEXTILE CO.,LTD. , https://www.richhopetextile.com