Analysis and Enlightenment of the Open Utilization of China's School Sports Facilities

Abstract : The article analyzes the policies and open use of the construction of two sports stadiums in China and Japan using literature research methods, comparative analysis methods and data rearrangement methods. It is believed that the implementation of the opening policy of Japanese stadiums and gymnasium facilities was implemented earlier, and the government’s construction policies of the two countries continued to advance. Japan’s per capita sports venues were larger than China’s, and the main sports venues were school sports facilities, but the opening rate of Japanese school gymnasium facilities It is 98.3%, which is significantly higher than that in China. The stadiums that are mainly open to the public are outdoor playgrounds, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and tennis courts. Policy incentives, stadium construction funds, entrusted management or designated managerial systems, personnel training mechanisms, and security guarantees give Japanese schools a good environment that is open to the public, and the use of community venues is inadequate.

Sports facilities are the hardware guarantee for sports activities and the material basis for the development of sports. The number of public sports facilities, the proportion of open school sports facilities, the number of sports clubs, and the number of people participating in daily sports activities are indicators of the growth and development of a country's mass sports. The multinational government surveys and counts the number of stadium facilities in the country through corresponding investigation agencies, so as to provide basis for the country’s future planning and construction of sports facilities.

In Japan, a survey of stadium facilities is conducted once every five years to provide the basis for the country’s decision-making and development of sports facilities and facilities, in order to revitalize Japanese sports. Japan, as a country with very few geographical areas, but relatively high population density, attaches great importance to the full development and use of sports resources under limited geographical resources, promotes the participation of residents in physical exercise and meets the diverse needs of residents for physical exercise.

Through the formulation and implementation of policies and measures, school venues are required to be open to the public, so that more members of the public will go to school gymnasiums to perform fitness exercises, improve the utilization rate of the venues, effectively replenish the insufficiency of community sports facilities, and at the same time give students lifelong physical education. To subtle demonstration role. This research is based on Japan's "Sports-Based Country Strategy" and the 2008 survey of Japan's national stadiums and gymnasium facilities. It is based on a comparative analysis of the relevant research of China's school gymnasium facilities and uses it as a reference for promoting the opening and utilization of school gymnasium facilities in China.

I. Analysis of the Facilities of Japanese School Stadiums

(I) Promotion of policies on the construction and utilization of sports facilities in Japanese schools

In 2010, the Japanese government put forward five development goals for the strategy of developing sports in the future, the strategy for establishing a sports country. In order to develop the physical fitness of the people, we put forward: “Achieve a lifelong sports society where all citizens can participate in sports at any time and place according to their physical strength, age, technology, and interests.” As a goal, realize every 3 adults as early as possible. Two people (about 65%) participate in physical exercise more than once a week, and one out of every three adults (about 30%) participates in physical exercise more than three times a week. In order to meet this requirement, the policy measures proposed in the development strategy are: First, develop and improve the regional sports environment centered on comprehensive regional sports clubs; second, promote sports activities suitable for different ages; and third, enrich We will realize the activities of basic school sports and sports departments that enrich sports life.

The development of mass sports has always been the basic policy for the development of sports in Japan, and will continue to focus on the improvement of public sports facilities and make full use of existing venue resources. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology actively promotes the policy requirements set forth in this strategy, and further realizes the goal of establishing a sports nation by further revitalizing sports. Previous policy documents, such as the "Rejuvenating Sports Policy for the 21st Century" and the "Basic Plan for the Revitalization of Sports", all proposed the development of stadium facilities and the development of popular sports for the public as a key development policy. As early as 1961, Article 13 of the Japan Sports Promotion Law (Law No. 141 of June 16, 1961) has clearly stipulated the use of school facilities: “I. National and local public bodies, without prejudice to the ownership of facilities In the case of school education, efforts should be made to make the school's sports facilities available for general sports activities.2) State and local public bodies should make efforts to take appropriate measures to repair and supplement the school's facilities (including equipment). "In the form of legislation, it is clearly stated that sports facilities in schools should be open to the public. However, this law mainly focuses on advocacy and there is no mandatory requirement. The absolute number of school sports venues, as a supplement to the resources of public stadiums, had established in 1964 a decree that school sports facilities were open to the public.

In June 1976, the Ministry of Education, Education, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan issued a notice on promoting the opening up of sports facilities in schools, stating that: efforts should be made to promote the opening of school sports facilities to community residents, and to provide school sports facilities with funding for school construction subsidies and physical activity instructors' supplies. . In addition, according to the provisions of the "State Compensation Law" and "Civil Law," the Japanese government included in the state compensation provisions the injury accidents that occurred during the exercise of school gym facilities. This largely eliminates disputes and compensation for security accidents that may be caused by the opening of school gym facilities. The Japanese government attaches great importance to the opening and utilization of stadium facilities, provides the public with effective use of stadium facilities as much as possible, and encourages the participation of social organizations, institutions, and non-profit organizations in the construction and operation of school gym facilities. The long-term promotion of the opening and utilization policy of the school stadiums and gymnasiums ensures that citizens can participate in sports activities nearby, promote mass fitness, and participate in sports at different levels, enjoy sports, and support sports.

(b) The overall situation of the sports facilities in Japanese schools

Since 1969, Japan has basically conducted a stadium survey every 5 years. Its purpose is to ascertain the current number of sports facilities in Japan, the opening of different sports facilities, and the use of “specified managerial systems” for public sports facilities. For the future, it will formulate plans for the construction of stadiums and gymnasium facilities, plans for the development of sports revitalization policies, and provide the necessary data for the long-term development of sports. It will promote sports revitalization plans and establish sports goals. The main sites investigated in 2008 were primary and secondary schools, high school and vocational school sports facilities, college sports facilities, public sports facilities, workplace sports facilities, and folk sports facilities. The main data for school opening utilization is 2007 data. Due to the lower survey recovery rate for workplaces and other sports facilities, the total number of surveys in 2008 decreased by 17127 compared with 2002 (Table 1). On the whole, the total number of sports venues occupied by Japanese schools is relatively large, with a total of 66.0%, of which the most distributed are the facilities of primary and secondary schools. This also shows that the Japanese government attaches great importance to the construction of stadiums in basic schools, provides protection for students participating in various types of sports activities, and provides services for cultivating life-long sports and entertainment sports.

Second, the open use of facilities in Japanese sports stadiums

The Japanese government has always attached great importance to the sharing of school sports resources with community residents. It encourages openness to the general public without affecting normal school sports. It also has special agencies for unified organization and management, or school staff to provide services in order to disseminate sports knowledge. . Beginning in 1976, the Ministry of Education and Culture proposed a certain amount of subsidy for personnel instructed and administrated to school sports, and grants subsidies to schools that open sports facilities to the public, especially schools that provide lighting at night or have sports club activity rooms. . Various government policy measures have led to the rational use of school sports venues and the openness is very high.

(a) Opening of major sports venues in Japanese schools

Japanese school sports facilities are relatively complete, including gymnasiums, multi-purpose sports plazas, swimming pools, tennis courts, baseball and softball courts, and Judo Swords Gymnasiums. There are as many as forty or fifty kinds of venues. These venues are basically open or partially open to the general public. . Overall, a survey on the status of sports facilities in 2008 concluded that in 2007, the opening rate of Japanese school sports venues was 98.3%, which was 0.5% less than the 2001 survey data (opening rate was 98.8%). From the survey of four types of stadiums (outdoor playgrounds, gymnasiums, swimming pools, and outdoor tennis courts) that are mainly open to the general public (Table 2), gymnasiums are the most open to the outside world with an open rate of 87.3%, an increase of 0.7 from 2001 survey data. Percentage points, outdoor tennis courts are the lowest open rate among the four types of venues, and the open rate is only 17.4%. From the perspective of school opening at different levels, the facilities of Japanese primary school gymnasiums are the most open to the public. The four types of venues that are mainly investigated are outdoor schools, except for outdoor tennis courts, but the opening rate is higher than that of middle schools and high and middle schools. Relatively high and medium-sized institutions are less open to the society. The facilities of the primary school gymnasium that go deep into residential areas provide a more convenient place for mass physical training, and truly implement the guidelines for participating in sports activities nearby. As an effective supplement to community sports facilities, the Japanese government has promoted the implementation of local grass-roots sports facilities to the public. The residents of the community participate in activities in the school gymnasium facilities. The overall mobilization of physical exercise cultivates the physique and will of the people of the whole country. It also enables Japanese students to develop the concepts of lifelong sports and happy sports from an early age.

(B) Opening Frequency and Opening Time Zones of Japanese School Sports Facilities

Japanese school sports facilities basically use the fixed-day open form. From the total amount of open, although the total amount of sports facilities opened to society in 2007 was less than in 2001, the open frequency is better than 2001 on both work days (learning days) and weekend holidays. The annual data has increased (Table 3), with the opening of the weekend increasing more than the working day. The statistical data of the open frequency of the three regions all reached more than 50%. The Japanese Government’s policy to promote the opening of school facilities and facilities has been gradually improved, and is closely related to the improvement of various preferential policies such as the management system, opening of the school gymnasium facilities, staffing system, and capital replenishment system. In addition, the Japanese sports activities volunteer system also encourages more masses to actively participate in sports activities and form a voluntary management system for sports activities. Judging from the open time zone of Japanese school sports facilities, it is 53.5% open all day. Although the total amount is not as good as the 2001 survey data, it accounts for 1.7% more than in 2007 when compared with 2001 (Table 4). School sports facilities that are open only during the day or evening have declined compared to 2001 survey data. Different forms of opening frequencies and time periods in many ways meet the different needs of Japanese public for stadium facilities. The Japanese government has been advancing and improving the optimization of the system, which has led to a higher degree of openness and utilization of sports facilities in schools.

III. Analysis of Facilities of School Sports Facilities in China

(I) Promotion of the policy construction and utilization of school gymnasium facilities in China

The main contradiction in the development of China's sports undertakings will continue to be the contradiction between the growing demand for sports and the relative inadequacy of social sports resources of the general public. The construction of stadium facilities is one of the weak links in China's construction of a strong sports country. In order to reach the goal of “constantly participating in physical exercise in the 12th Five-Year Plan period,” the goal is to build stadium facilities and develop and utilize various types of sports venues at all levels. This will be an imminent problem. As early as 1990, the State Council approved that the former State Education Commission and the Physical Culture and Sports Commission promulgated the "Regulations on School Sports Work." It states: "The higher authorities and schools of the school shall, in accordance with national or local standards, establish various types of school sports facilities, equipment, and equipment. The school sports equipment should be incorporated into the teaching equipment supply plan. Newly constructed or reconstructed schools must be planned, designed and constructed in accordance with the provisions of the relevant venues and equipment.” School sports shall also be included in the education expenditure to ensure school sports. The stadium construction and normal sports activities are carried out. Since 1995, China has promoted the national fitness program. At the same time, the state has formulated corresponding policies and measures to ensure the construction of stadium facilities for the development of sports. In the same year, the "People's Republic of China Sports Law" also explicitly stated that "in accordance with the standards stipulated by the education administrative department of the State Council, gymnasiums, facilities and equipment shall be allocated" and that sports facilities shall not be used for other purposes. The number of sports venues per capita in our country is relatively small, and the State proposes that the social venues should provide free or open policies and measures to students. Similarly, the former State Sports Commission issued the "Circular on the Opening of Public Stadiums to the Masses" to encourage public sports venues to offer preferential access to middle and primary school students. It also mentioned earlier that qualified sports system professional training venues should open stadiums to the public. . In 2003, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on Public Cultural and Sports Facilities" to raise issues related to the construction and use of stadiums and gymnasiums from the legislative level. It mentioned that "the cultural and sports facilities within the State encouragement organs and schools and other units are open to the public." In 2008, the National Ministry of Education held the "National School Stadiums Open to the Public for Pilot Work Meetings" in Wuhan to propose "Effective ways and long-term mechanisms for exploring and establishing school sports venues to the public." According to the fitness protection regulations of the National Fitness Regulations (2009), “Schools should open sports facilities to students after school hours and holidays. Public schools should actively create conditions to open sports facilities to the public; the state encourages private schools to open sports to the public. facility". This regulation mainly starts from the macro level and focuses on the nature of advocacy. The specific implementation depends on local governments. From the early 90s, the corresponding encouragement, advocacy, and pilot projects were implemented and opened up throughout the country. This requires a gradual process of improvement. At present, the implementation of these policies in China has promoted the development and utilization of limited resources to a certain extent, and alleviated the shortage of per capita sports stadiums in China. In some places, a certain amount of sports grants to open schools have been set up, which has mobilized the enthusiasm of some schools to the society to a certain extent. In his speech in the annual report of Liu Peng, Director General of the State Sports General Administration in December 2012, he hoped that the National Implementation Measures for School Gymnasiums Open to the Public would be implemented as soon as possible. The implementation of these targeted policies and regulations will effectively accelerate the service of school sports venues for the public. Improve the utilization of sports facilities in schools and ease the shortage of stadiums. The policy of opening school gymnasium facilities to the public is more than 30 years later than the Japanese government. The issues of operation and management, organization and openness, safety mechanisms, and staffing guidance need to be gradually clarified, compared to the policy of opening the school gymnasium facilities to the public in Japan. The degree of perfection will also take a long time.

(II) Situation of School Sports Facilities in China

Since 1974, China has already had a national census of sports venues. Five census have been completed so far, and the sixth census has officially started in January 2014. Due to the vast geographical area in China, the national census requires a lot of financial resources, material resources, and manpower. There is a great difficulty. We basically implement a census every 10 years. The overall census situation provides an effective basis for the construction of sports venues in China. From the fourth and fifth census data, the fourth survey of sports stadiums in China was 615,693, and the fifth was 850,080, of which the school gymnasium occupied an absolute number. The number of stadiums for the two census education systems was 413,583 and 558,044. The overall share is not much different from that of the Japanese school gymnasium. The fifth survey of the number of gymnasiums in the educational system accounted for 65.7% of the total number of surveys. Compared with the fourth census, the number of stadium facilities in the education system increased significantly. The total increase is 144,461. However, the per capita sports area in China is 1.03 square meters, which is very small. By 2010, the average per capita stadium area in China is 1.2 square meters. It is expected that the per capita area of ​​sports venues in China will reach 1.5 square meters by 2015. Compared with Japan and other developed countries, the per capita sports facilities vary greatly. Japan has an average of 260 sports facilities per 100,000 people, and the fifth census data in China shows that there are 6.58 stadiums per 10,000 people on average. The data shows that there is a very big gap between the two countries. As an absolute value of school sports facilities, it is only gradually open to the public or part of the school sports facilities open to the public. The overall opening rate of the national sports arena is only 41.2%, and the education system is very closed. The opening rate of the school gymnasium in our country is even lower, only 29.2%, and the utilization rate of the stadium is not high. On the one hand, the shortage of sports facilities in China can not meet the needs of mass fitness, the state needs to invest a lot of money to build public sports venues to meet the needs of the public, on the other hand, a large number of existing school sports resources in our country are not fully effective use, resulting in waste of resources, Contradictions are serious. While the Japanese government's opening rate in the school stadium reached 98.3%, the strategy of establishing the sports nation is still advocating the strategy of "further making full use of the school's sports facilities." Therefore, under China's national fitness strategy, it is worth learning from Japan's opening up of school gym facilities and improving the openness of school gymnasium facilities.

Fourth, the enlightenment of the opening and utilization of sports facilities in Japanese schools

(I) Policy Legislative Protection Mechanism

The governments of both countries attach great importance to the construction of stadiums and gymnasiums, and formulate more policies and regulations as a nation-building strategy for the development of sports. The implementation of the policies and regulations of the Japan Open School Stadium was implemented earlier, and the corresponding supporting legislation was more comprehensive, more authoritative, mandatory, and legally effective. Through local self-government legislation, various subsidies and funding policies are given at the legislative level to promote effective opening up. The financial subsidies for personnel that are open to the public, the loss subsidies for stadiums, and coal and other subsidies for water and electricity use have made schools open to financial trouble. China’s school gymnasium facilities are relatively open to the public. China’s comprehensive opening of school gymnasiums and gym facilities is mainly directed at the implementation of social policies and measures, and is mandatory. It has not yet risen to the legislative level. For example, it is necessary to open school gymnasium facilities. Improve relevant systems.

(II) Fund guarantee mechanism for stadium construction

Japan has more financial investment in basic education, including construction of stadiums for schools. In order to promote regional sports activities and accelerate the formation of a "new public environment," local governments have formulated a donation tax system based on local development, obtained social resources, and improved the construction of sports facilities. The per capita use area of ​​school gymnasium facilities in China is indeed small, and there are insufficient sports facilities in different levels. School venues and facilities themselves are also difficult to meet the needs of students for stadium facilities. Opening up to the society is difficult. It requires the state to invest funds in the construction of sports facilities and as soon as possible to enable the schools to meet the state's standards for stadium facilities. Implement education funds and increase investment in education funds. In addition, the system of social donation taxation will be improved and more social resources will be involved in the construction of venues.

(III) Development and Utilization Management Mechanism

Promoting the openness of school venue facilities to the community is the best way to effectively solve the inadequacies of stadium facilities. The Japanese government has been promoting the effective use of sports facilities in schools, and it has been placed in the sports development and promotion policy as a strategy for establishing a sports nation to ensure that citizens can participate in sports activities nearby. The Japanese government uses the entrusted management mechanism, the introduction of the designated management system for public sports facilities, and the management of community clubs to manage and manage the school stadiums. As a quasi-public stadium facility, the school stadiums are managed or operated by local social groups, organizations, non-profit organizations and other social forces in coordination with educational administrative departments or school units, and have relatively clear preferential policies for the off-campus management institutions. right. Gymnasium managers use non-profit as the main purpose, reflecting more public welfare and service. The introduction of third-party management institutions in the management of sports facilities in open schools in China has led to the gradual diversification of business management models to public-welfare organizations. The formation of local business management requires clear and specific management and restraint systems.

(IV) Management personnel training mechanism

The Japanese government also actively cultivates and utilizes sports management personnel in the region. Social sports volunteers serve in the management and guidance of school sports facilities. In order to strengthen the link between the school and the region and achieve a good cycle of talents, we will expand regional sports talents and foreign sports instructors who are active in school sports and sports. This is one of the development contents of the nation-building strategy in the future. Our country has started to cultivate the talents of social sports management instructors. However, it is very deficient in assisting the management of sports facilities in schools and the training of sports personnel for correctly guiding the public to participate in sports activities. The social volunteer system for sports is even scarce. It is necessary to mention the front for the better development and utilization of training facilities for school venue facility management personnel, and to expand the cooperation of external management personnel.

(5) Security Mechanism

The Japanese government is committed to improving and perfecting the safety and sports conditions of stadium facilities. At the same time, through legislative provisions, the school sports facilities are injured by state compensation, the government pays bills, and schools are opened for security. The school has no worries. The Chinese government also stipulates that the school government, which is open to the public, should be provided with insurance liabilities. Studies by government agencies and many scholars in China have mentioned that the issue of safety is a bottleneck in the opening of school gymnasium facilities in our country. Many schools choose to open as little or as little as possible because of security concerns. The safety of school gymnasium facilities for sports activities, the insurance system, and the legislativeization of the state compensation mechanism are social security measures to promote the full opening of school gym facilities. The Japanese government’s local autonomy policy and the injury legislation system for physical exercise activities are worth learning from.

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