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In the 1950s, I had the privilege of forming an indissoluble bond with Mount Everest. This time it was the Mount Everest of several decades.
Everest is the "third pole" of the earth. In the eyes of surveyors, the history of Mount Qomolangma is a history of surveying and mapping. In 1719 (the 56th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi), during the investigation of the border areas of Everest and its neighbors by the Qing dynasty, China discovered that Mount Everest was the highest peak in China, but there was no high mark; in 1721, the Qing government compiled The "Emperor's Map" uses the name "Jumlongma Alin" to name Mount Everest and accurately shows its location. More than 100 years later, George Everest, the chief surveyor of the United Kingdom, discovered the Mount Everest in the Indian region between 1830-1843 and named it Peak XV. In 1852, an investigator at the Indian Survey Bureau, Waff, measured the Peak XV with a height of 8,840 meters by geodetic survey and changed its name to Everest in honor of George Everest. George Everus disagreed that his name was bestowed with the highest peak. He believed that according to geopolitics this mountain should retain its native name. In Nepal, people call it Sagarmatha, which means “the queen of heaven.†The Tibetan people call Qomolangma, meaning “the mother of the world.â€
Shortly after the founding of New China, the Central People's Government proposed to "accurately measure the height of the Mount Everest and map the topographic map of the Mount Everest area" and include it in one of the "stuck-filled" projects of the most scientific and international significance in New China. The relevant national ministries demonstrated and implemented. In 1949, the topographic map of the Everest region in China marked the location and topography of Mount Everest; in 1958-1960, the surveying and mapping workers in the Everest Mountaineering expedition surveyed the baseline in the open section of the Velvet Monastery, and was measured using a mercury barometer. Baseline elevation and astronomical observations yielded a height of 8882 meters. However, this height is inaccurate, and there is a large error in the mercury barometer measurement.
In 1966, 1975, and 1992, China conducted three large-scale measurements of the Mount Everest and its adjacent northern regions, including astronomy, gravity, GPS, laser ranging, triangulation, leveling, and atmospheric refraction. In 1975, the accurate Mount Everest elevation was announced to the world and it was universally recognized.
From 1966 to 1968, the Mount Everest expedition was fully launched. The Mount Everest expedition team is divided into five special groups. Under the leadership of academicians Liu Dongsheng and Shi Yafeng, members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, all members of the scientific expedition team struggled to work on the first line of work. The mission of my task team is to measure the height of Mount Everest and to map the topography of the Rongbuk Glacier on the northern side of Mount Everest. We continued to fight for 50 days on the Rongbuk Glacier on the north side of Everest.
The altitude measurement team gathered the elites of the national surveying and mapping industry at that time and applied advanced equipment and scientific measurement programs. Within the range of more than 5,000 meters above sea level and more than 600 square kilometers in the north of the Mount Everest, triangles, wires, astronomy, and Gravity and leveling measurements have established a reliable control basis for the accurate determination of the peak height of the Mount Everest and the accurate mapping of the velvet glacier topography.
Take the level measurement. Leveling observation starts from the south side of the Gangneung Highway in the township level (4,390 meters above sea level), crosses the overlying Quzhuangbo River, crosses the Dalagler Pass along the east bank, and enters the Zhagao (velvet river) valley, following the simple highway. Inverse of Henan, up to 5000 meters above sea level, Rongbu Temple, and then through the Velvet Monastery to the East Rongbu Valley, the measurement of the station station has finally estimated the height to 5693 meters above sea level.
The Gangdong-East Rongbu Valley mouth level line is about 70 kilometers long. The last kilometer line is the most difficult to measure. The terrain slope is between 45-72 degrees with a height difference of about 380 meters. The three operators are almost one millimeter in the same vertical plane. Measured in millimeters. The benchmark point is 13.85 kilometers from Mount Everest. At the same time, the astronomical group that observed the stars at night has placed the astronomical points in the Rongbuk Glacier Valley 10 kilometers away from Mount Everest; the gravity point is also placed on the snow only 4 kilometers away from Mount Everest; the triangular observers are arranged in total 39 triangular points. In the absence of measurement of the target, the rendezvous measures the top of Mount Everest and obtains observations at different times.
The topography of Mount Everest resembles a recumbent sole in the observer's eyes. Under the directional wind, the peak width is about 1 meter from north to south and about 10 meters from the northeast. Twenty-nine observers observed the peaks at different angles, and the intersection lines spread over a range of 6 square meters. Since the thickness of the snow cover at the peak was not subtracted, the height of Everest was calculated to be 8849 meters above sea level at the end of 1972. In order to obtain a more accurate peak elevation value, the peak mark must be set at the top of the peak and the snow cover thickness at the top of the peak must be measured. Only the Chinese climbing team top players are required to take this task. The red mark is made of high-strength light alloy and stands on top of every level. It can withstand 10 gales. The bar can be retracted by 3 knots, and the lower end is an ice pyramid. Three benchmarks hold up the standard cage. The diameter of the standard cage is 32 centimeters. It is collapsible. The center pillar of the standard cage is engraved with a length division. The pole is marked with the words “Climbing Team of the People's Republic of Chinaâ€. The measurement target is 3.5 meters high and weighs 3.74 kg.
From 1974 to 1975, the Everest Mountaineering expedition was launched again. The survey team set the gravity point to a height of 7790 meters. It is 1.9 kilometers from the peak, the astronomical point is 6300 meters above sea level, and the peak is 7 kilometers. The triangle observer waits at 10 triangle points.
On the morning of May 27, 1975, three red signal bombs began to escalate from the command post. The mountaineers initiated the final sprint to Everest. The 10 observation points distributed on the left and right shoulders of the Mount Everest, and the 9-day-long mapping squadron, have already set up their instruments and adjusted their standards, hoping for an exciting time.
The team stared at the telescope in turns and used a walkie-talkie to "live broadcast" to other surveying and mapping points. When the 3-meter-high red survey mark erected by the climbers finally appeared at the peak, the key moments of surveying came. Passing the password, the 10 theodolites aimed at Everest at the same time. The mapping team had a strong sense of joy in their hearts and carefully turned the instrument to race against the target.
One round of measurement, two rounds of rounds... For three consecutive days, the team members performed measurements of four different time periods, 16 rounds of measurement, wire, astronomical, meteorological, gravitational, and trigonometric measurements. Everest measurement data.
On July 23, 1975, the Chinese government authorized Xinhua News Agency to announce to the world: China's surveying and mapping workers accurately measured the highest peak in the world - the altitude of Mount Everest was 8,848.13 meters.
This precise data is measured by the Chinese surveying and mapping workers at 10 triangle points from 7 to 20 kilometers from the peak of Mount Everest and 5,600 to 6,300 meters above sea level, and obtained complete measurement data of the position and elevation of the Mount Everest. Later, according to the leveling origin established by the Qingdao Huanghai tide station, after theoretical research, rigorous calculation and repeated verification, the peak snow depth was deducted. Its maximum positive and negative error is less than 0.36 meters. Therefore, this data has been recognized throughout the world.
The attainment of Everest's elevation is through practice and understanding. Since the 20th century, measurements have been repeated abroad, such as 8839.8 meters in 1850, 8882 meters in 1907, 8863.6 meters in 1922, 8854 meters in 1929, and 8847.6 meters in 1954.
In the Everest peak, I ran for more than 120 kilometers. My body was extremely deteriorated. After inspection by the team doctors, the team decided to let me go down and return to Lanzhou for review.
On July 1, 1968, the first detailed map of Mount Everest was presented to Beijing. It is worthwhile to add that the map goes south to the north and the title of the map is “Infinity scenery is in the dangerous peakâ€. The elevation of the Everest elevation on the map is 8846 meters, which is different from the figure in the 1972 Everest elevation determination report.
Since then, China has successively published various versions of the Everest map, such as the 1975 map of Mount Everest (1:500000) and the Everest map of 1980 (1:50000, 1:100000, 1:25000). , 1990 Mount Everest topographic map (Qinghai Tibet Atlas 1:25000), 1991 Mount Everest Snow Mountain map in Chinese and English (Xi'an map publishing house 1:100000), published in 1999 Mount Everest topographic map (National Natural Atlas 1 : 180000). In the future, with the accumulation and updating of surveying and mapping data, a better version of the Everest map will come out.
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