The scope of application of modern printing has greatly expanded compared with the traditional printing of ancient times; skills and quality have been greatly improved; and the scale of production has gradually shifted to large-scale industrial production. As far as the application field is concerned, in addition to the fields involved in traditional printing such as books, banknotes, newspapers, prints, and fabrics, the fields such as periodicals, stamps, and packaging have also been applied and developed accordingly. Among them, the development of newspapers, periodicals and banknotes has been the most rapid. This chapter only describes printing from the perspective of printing on books, newspapers, banknotes, and other securities, maps, and textiles. It focuses on describing its development context. Information on the types of books, newspapers, and newspapers can be found in books, history of publications, news history, and other related books.
Printing > First Section Book Printing
Book printing refers to the printing of books and periodicals. The printing of books and periodicals in modern times can be understood as the printing of books and periodicals in this historical period in modern times. It can also be understood as the printing of books and publications printed with modern printing techniques after the introduction of modern printing techniques. The difference between the two lies in the fact that the former includes books and publications printed in the traditional historical period in the modern era, and the latter specifically refers to the printing of books and periodicals using modern printing techniques. The traditional printing of books and publications has been involved in many ancient chapters. Therefore, this section describes the printing of books and periodicals using modern printing techniques. This is a need for prescriptive explanation.
In China's ancient and modern times, the printing of newspapers, periodicals, and books was a process of evolution that was intertwined and gradually separated and self-contained. The early newspapers were actually book-style periodic or irregular publications. It resembles a book and its contents are different from those of a general book; it is reported to journals that have both the connotations of news reports and are quite similar to later generations. Therefore, people have long tied it closely with the journal and collectively referred to it as a newspaper. Only in modern times, with the development and popularization of Western modern printing technology in China, newspapers gradually changed from book format to single page layout and separated from newspapers and newspapers. Newspapers only separated themselves from journals. The periodical is always the same as the books in terms of printing and binding because it always uses the books. It is more important because of the management system. For example, in the planned economy, the publication of books and periodicals is always under the jurisdiction of the cultural publishing authority. The reason for this is that the periodicals were also tied with books, collectively known as what people used to read; books and periodicals;
Since the invention of the invention of printing, with the development of social and cultural undertakings, the field of application has been expanding, and now it is possible to print on any shape of material other than air and water. While printing serves spiritual civilization, it also contributes more and more to the material civilization of mankind. However, as a carrier of human knowledge, books and magazines have always played other roles in social functions, such as banknote printing, textile printing, and packaging and printing, since ancient times. This is why the rulers of the past have attached importance to the printing of books and periodicals. Even in the process of modern Western powers attempting to transform China into its colonial aggression against China, printed publications were also used as the main means. In the words of the aggressors: Send them a few good books that we have published; they can disintegrate their resistance; use some appropriate books, ... can completely infiltrate this empire and effectively change China's public opinion and actions; . The printing of modern Chinese books and periodicals began under this background and developed.
The beginning of printing > First, the beginning of the printing of modern books and periodicals
The printing of books and periodicals in modern China began in Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangzhou, which bordered the South China Sea. The reason for this is that the Qing government has long implemented the policy of retreating and locking the country. Western missionaries are not allowed to preach in China. Even if the country was the only trade port in China that was opened to the outside world, missionaries were not allowed to live and conduct missionary activities. Forcing foreign merchants who entered Guangzhou in 1807 and sometimes hiding in Guangzhou â—† and Morrison between Guangzhou and Macau also had to withdraw to Malacca because of their secret employment. Later, in 1809, Morrison obtained the position of a Chinese interpreter of the British East India Company at the Guangzhou Trade Center, and he was able to gain a foothold in Guangzhou and Macau and continued his missionary activities including the translation of the Christian Bible into Chinese. In 1815, with support from the East India Company, the East India Company based in Macau used its newly produced Chinese lead alloy movable type to print a Chinese-English Dictionary written by Morrison (also translated as "Chinese Language Dictionary"). "Chinese and English Dictionary"). This is the first Chinese book to be printed in Western China using the lead alloy type. There are more than 40,000 Chinese characters extracted from the Kangxi Dictionary. The book was specially created by Tom Smith, a British missionary. Its publication, as the first Chinese-English dictionary for control of Chinese and English, has served as a bridge between Chinese and Western cultures and has a high degree of practical significance.
In modern times, journals have always been more; newspapers; names, resulting in; journals;,; newspapers; regardless, people often use; newspapers and magazines; collectively referred to it. In fact, the early newspapers and periodicals, from its publication date, format, binding form and content analysis, are more than saying; newspaper; Because it is closer to the journal. Later, because newspapers were gradually changed to single-page printing, the content was mostly news. Newspapers and journals gradually separated. Periodicals gradually become what we now commonly see; magazines;
The earliest journals appearing in China are English journals. There are "Guangzhou Record" edited by American Warder published in 1827, "Guangzhou Magazine", "Chinese Disparity News and Guangzhou Note" published in 1831, and "China Post" published in 1833. The earliest Chinese periodical published in China was edited and published by the American missionary Guo Shili, etc. (Figure 17-1). See "Guangdong Province Journal of Publication", p. 115, Guangdong Provincial Local Records Compilation Committee, Guangdong People's Publishing House, December 1997.
The "Monthly Biography of the Eastern and Western Examinations" is published in the Chinese Monthly and was first published in Guangzhou on August 1, 1833. With history paper, lithographic printing. The character is written in the form of a script, and the thread is installed. About 14 pages per period, each page is folded in two along the middle seam. The content is mostly history, geography, astronomy, business conditions, and news, arguments, and so on. The publication was relocated to Singapore for publication a year after its publication, and was later transferred to the Chinese Translation and Publishing Agency, a group of British and American missionaries and merchants, including Yan Zhiwen, Guo Shila, and Ma Ruhan, who spread the beneficial knowledge association in China. The Society for the Difusion of Useful Knowledge in Cnina is published.
From the beginning of the 19th century to the Opium War, the development of modern books and periodicals printing was very slow. The reason for this is that in addition to the Qing government's retreat of the country and the prohibition of missionary activities by foreign missionaries, the restrictions on process technology are also extremely evident. To print Chinese books and periodicals, there must be enough Chinese characters, and at this time, the production techniques of Chinese lead and movable words with tens of thousands of strokes are still unclear. This cannot meet the needs of the development of modern books and periodicals at that time, and it directly restricted modern books and magazines and even newspapers. The development of printing. Before the Opium War, the printing of Chinese books and periodicals was in the beginning and the development period, and no scale production had yet been formed.
Development of Printing> Development of Modern Book Printing
As we all know, the printing of books and periodicals is the basis for the publication of books and periodicals, and it is inseparable from the publication of books and periodicals, and it is prompted and restricted by the publication of books and periodicals. The publication of modern books and periodicals is closely connected with the political, economic, and cultural backgrounds of modern history. With the development of the modern publishing industry, modern book printing has developed and flourished. Prior to the Opium War, because of the Qing government's policy of closing the country, the Western missionaries who devoted themselves to the publication of missionary books and publications were having difficulty accessing the mainland to carry out missionary activities based mainly on publishing. They found themselves in Binyu Island, Malacca, and other places in the Nanyang area. They sometimes entered Hong Kong, Macau, and Guangzhou, China's only foreign trade port at that time. Therefore, the initial stage of the modern printing of books and publications are from Hong Kong, Macao and Guangzhou, and the development is extremely slow.
After the Opium War failed, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Nanjing Treaty" that insulted the country in August 1942, and opened five trade ports in Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai since 1843. At this point, the Qing government closed its bankruptcy policy and the western missionaries moved from the Nanyang area to the above areas. For example, the two major printing and publishing institutions in modern Shanghai, the Mohei Library and the Meihua Library, were relocated from Melaka, Batavia, and Macau via Ningbo to Shanghai. Modern publishing and printing bases also followed. The process of Western integration and the integration of Chinese and Western cultures began with the political oppression of western powers, economic plunder, and religious and cultural invasions, as well as advanced elements in the Chinese nation that worried about the country, the people, and the tenacious struggle. The modern books and journals have made excellent contributions printed here, and they have also achieved rapid development. During this period, the need for cultural aggression, the evolution of craftsmanship, the rise of Chinese translation of Western books, the initiation of new textbooks, the promotion of political movements, and the investment of commercial capital all lead to the same goal, leading the magnificent and unprecedented Chinese and Western culture of the Chinese continent. The historical picture of great integration and the great changes in Chinese society. Book printing has thus entered a new historical period.
(a) The need for cultural aggression
In the Opium War, Western powers took advantage of the boat's cannon to open China's gates. Armed with naked aggression, China quickly became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial land. However, China is, after all, a vast country with a history of 5,000 years of civilization. It has thousands of years of cultural traditions and ethical systems. To control China, armed aggression alone is obviously not enough. The Western invaders clearly realized that to conquer China, armed invasion must be accompanied by cultural infiltration. The publication of books (and newspapers) is the best choice to do more with less. As American missionary Wei Chenchen said: Those who want to influence this empire must use publications. ... Only when we open up the thinking of the Chinese people can we finally be satisfied with China’s opening up. Some western missionaries are anxious about opening hospitals and running schools in China and are not able to receive faster and more effective results. Therefore, they concentrated their energy on the publication of books and publications in an attempt to change the soul of Chinese people by publishing books and periodicals. Conquering the ingrained ideology in traditional Chinese culture. It can be seen that the publication of books and publications is the need of Western powers to carry out cultural aggression against China. It was out of this need that Western missionaries flooded into China after the Opium War. They use Shanghai as the center and go deep into all parts of the country. They print and publish various newspapers and books and periodicals that mainly teach. Objectively, it has promoted the development of the modern book printing industry and accelerated the progress of western learning.
It is important to point out that the great integration of Chinese and Western cultures centering on the eastward development of western learning has taken a completely different approach than the introduction of Buddhism in the Han Dynasty. The introduction of Buddhism is an equal and natural process of both exporting and importing; in Western modern history, the spread of Western culture
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