Contemporary book printing 4

Printing Management > Section 5 Book Printing Management

Mr. Sun Yat-sen, in his “Industrial Plan” ◆ puts printing together with food, clothing, housing, and transportation as the five originals of people’s lives. He pointed out: “According to modern civilization, there are five kinds of material originals in life, namely, food, clothing, and shelter. , line and printing also." Visible to the modern civilization of the people, the printing has been to stand how important position. The printing of books and periodicals provides people with spiritual food. Newspapers print information to people. Packaging and decoration are used to protect, publicize, and beautify goods. Stationery printing provides convenience for people's lives, study, and work. It seems that 360 lines, the line can not be separated from printing.

After the 1950s, the state implemented industrial management in a highly centralized, planned economy from top to bottom. But the printing industry is an exception. Wang Yi pointed out in the “China Printing Yearbook” (1981) “Management System Problems in the Printing Industry”: “Until no designated department has unified management (printing industry), it has been decentralized for a long time. Take Heilongjiang Province as an example. Among the 573 printing factories in the province, there are 13 newspaper publishing systems, 96 light bureau systems, 34 second light bureau systems, 26 urban streets, 31 rural social groups, 118 army mines, and colleges and universities. There are 148 primary schools, 67 factories and 70 forestry offices, and 30 factories in forestry and other factories. All of the above are under the jurisdiction of the Publishing Bureau of the books and periodicals, the printing plants of the light industry system are under the leadership of the Light Industry Bureau, and others are sponsored by the organizers or users. Leadership, without a centralized management department, naturally formed a system of “who uses, who built, who has, and who controls”. This “four-in-one” management system basically reflects the issue of contemporary China's management of the printing industry. The real situation.

As the printing of books and publications is an indispensable pillar industry for the publishing industry, in the printing industry, only the book printing industry has formed a top-down management system in the publishing system.

Printing Management System > I. Book Printing Management System

1. History of books and printing management system

In October 1949, the General Administration of Administration of the People's Republic of China held the first National Xinhua Bookstore Working Conference in Beijing. The Xinhua Bookstore at that time was a trinity of books, magazines, and publications. In September 1950, the General Administration of Administration of the People's Republic of China held the second session of the Xinhua Bookstore Working Conference and passed resolutions on publishing, printing, distribution and professionalization. After the conference, the General Administration of Administration issued the "Decision on the Specialization of Public Works and the Adjustment of Public-Private Relations in the Publication and Printing and Distribution Enterprises of State-Owned Books and Publications", which stipulated that all levels of Xinhua Bookstore in the country should be divided into publishing, printing, and publishing three independent business units. In May 1951, the General Administration of Administration of the People's Republic of China established the Printing Administration Bureau to administer the national printing and printing business. The 12 Xinhua Printing Plants in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenyang, Changchun, Xi'an and Hubei became direct subsidiaries of the Bureau. Since then, China's book printing industry has formed a top-down management system. On August 16, 1952, the Administrative Office of the People's Republic of China promulgated the “Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Publishing Industry for Printing Industry in Printing Books and Periodicals”, which stipulates that in the printing industry of the books and periodicals, all public and private-public joint ventures and private enterprises shall apply to the local publishing administrative authority for approval of business and issue a business license. In order to apply for registration with local industrial and commercial administrative authorities. After the publication of the General Administration of Administration in 1954, the national publishing business was managed by the Ministry of Culture. Under the Ministry of Culture, there is a Publishing Authority, and the Bureau has a printing management office that directly manages 21 printing units in Beijing and Shanghai. Other provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government set up cultural bureaus or publishing bureaus to administer local book and book printing factories. In addition, the publishing houses of the central and local publishing houses are directly under the management of the publishing house.

Before the mid-fifties, companies engaged in book printing were state-owned, but also private and public-private partnerships. In 1956, in the process of socialist transformation of private industry and commerce, the transformation of private book printing companies into public-private partnership printing companies was led by the local provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities' cultural bureaus (publishing bureaus or light industry bureaus).

In 1958, state agencies simpli- fied and the printing companies originally managed by the Ministry of Culture were decentralized to the local government and managed by the relevant departments of the local provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory, Fine Arts Printing Factory, Beijing Printing Technology Research Institute and other enterprises and institutions were decentralized to Beijing. The publishing bureaus were established in Beijing and Shanghai.

During the “Great Leap Forward” in 1958, some small printing and binding factories were set up in the streets of the city or in the people’s commune in the countryside. After adjustments were made, some small plants were eliminated and some factories were merged. These printing factories are classified into light industry departments and publishing departments depending on the nature of their production.

In order to strengthen the management of books and periodicals printing companies, the Ministry of Culture established a Chinese printing company on October 29, 1963. Its task is not only to directly affiliate books and periodicals printing companies, but also to administer business guidance and production scheduling to printing and printing enterprises throughout the country. , personnel training and other items.

Although the "Cultural Revolution" launched in 1966 put Mao Zedong's works on an overwhelming position, it was in a state of serious anarchy in corporate management. Until the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the State Council approved the restoration of Chinese printing companies in 1978. Due to the previous adjustments and changes of central state organs, the book printing industry has been managed by the State Publishing Administration, the Ministry of Culture, and the State Publishing Bureau. In January 1987, when the Press and Publication Administration was established, the Chinese printing company was affiliated with the Press and Publication Administration, and the management system for book printing was basically established.

Press and Publication Administration ↓ Central level publishing houses Provincial, autonomous regional and municipalities Publishing Bureaus (printing companies) Chinese printing companies Local Light Industry Department (printing companies) Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army or Military District affiliated printing enterprises Direct printing of books and periodicals Direct printing of books and periodicals Non-publishing system book printing factory troops system books and printing

2. Several different local management models

Although the printing of books and periodicals has formed a top-down management system since the early 1950s, at the provincial, autonomous region and municipality level, due to the specific conditions and historical conditions of local printing industries, there have been several Different management modes.

(1) Beijing is a printing management mode for books and periodicals.

Beijing is a political, economic, and cultural center of the country. Therefore, the printing industry has a certain foundation. As the capital, there are more printing companies directly under the central government agencies. In 1952, 20 printing plants directly under the Central Government were handed over to the Beijing Municipal Government for the management and the printing factory of Beijing Yongmao Industrial Company was established. Afterwards, Yongmao Industrial Co., Ltd. was renamed as the First Local Industrial Bureau of Beijing, and its affiliated printing factory was adjusted and merged to become the first, second, third and fourth printing factories in Beijing. In 1956, in the course of the socialist transformation of the private industry and commerce, hundreds of private small printing factories were converted into public-private joint ventures, and some were incorporated into state-owned printing factories.

In order to strengthen its leadership in the printing industry, the Beijing Printing Industry Company was established to take charge of the management of municipal printing companies. In 1958, Beijing Xinhua Printing Factory, which was formerly under the direct management of the Ministry of Culture, was decentralized to Beijing. In 1968, in the "Cultural Revolution" campaign, the printing company in Beijing was withdrawn and the "Beijing Chairman Mao's Office for Making Editions" was established. In 1978, the Beijing Publishing Office was changed to the Beijing Publishing Authority. In the same year, the Printing Industry Company of Beijing was established under the Publication Bureau, but it was withdrawn again soon.

In order to strengthen the leadership of the printing industry in Beijing, the CPC Beijing Municipal Committee and the municipal government decided to use the printing industry as an independent industrial sector, to be transferred from the publishing system to the industrial system, and to be managed by the Beijing Economic Commission in accordance with the industrial management system. In June, 86, Beijing Printing Industry Corporation was formally established. In addition to the leadership of the book printing companies, the head office also provides centralized guidance to the district, county, and township printing companies. The book printing was drawn from the publishing system, unified with other printing systems, and set up a printing industry company. This management model was a bold reform of traditional book printing management. It was the first in the 1980s.

(2) Tianjin book printing industry management model.

Tianjin is an important industrial city in northern China. The printing industry also has a certain foundation. In 1952, the Tianjin Municipal Government adjusted and merged the printing facilities (factories) of various agencies and organized a local state-run printing factory. In 1956, in the socialist transformation of the private industry and commerce, more than 100 private printing companies implemented public-private partnerships and merged to form 46 public-private partnership printing plants. In order to strengthen the leadership of the printing industry, Tianjin Printing Products Industry Co., Ltd. was established to manage the two state-owned printing factories and 46 public-private partnership printing factories.

In 1958, printing companies were adjusted and merged to form 22 printing plants. Among them, 14 large-scale plants are under the leadership of the Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Culture, and the other 8 cartons and parts printing plants are either handed over to light industry-owned companies or delegated to the district. The printing products industry company was changed to Tianjin Publishing Printing and Distribution Company, which is under the jurisdiction of the Culture Bureau. In 1961, the Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Culture organized transfer of some equipment and personnel from various factories to form the printing plant of Tianjin People's Publishing House and the printing house of Tianjin Fine Arts Publishing House. The remaining factories were handed over to a light bureau in Tianjin. In 1976, the Tianjin Municipal Government established the Printing Industry Administration Bureau, which unified the printing and printing plants of the original publishing system and the packaging and decorating and printing plants belonging to the light industry system to the Printing Industry Administration Bureau. This is a management of the contemporary Chinese printing industry. New innovation. However, under the planned economic system, the whole industry practices