First, the meaning of black and the range of black solid density in printing
"Color is a general term for achromatic and colored." Achromatic refers to the series of white to black in printing. The actual contrast between the maximum whiteness of printing paper and the effective density of yellow, magenta, cyan and black solid ink layers, namely the whiteness, light gray, medium gray, dark gray, black, and sometimes Used to black concept.
In the non-colored series, the ideal white is a fully reflective object, there is no 100% reflective object in life, the best coated paper has a reflectance of about 90% for printing paper, only 50% for newsprint, and other printing paper ( Offset paper, letterpress paper, and dictionary paper are between the two; the ideal black is an object that completely absorbs the visible spectrum, and the fully absorbed object does not exist, and is printed on coated paper, and the effective density of four colors superimposed is 1.8. About left and right, general newsprint is printed in monochrome, with a black density of 1.0-1.2 in the field and monochrome printing on offset paper, with a black density of 1.2-1.4 in the field. The black density of the coated paper is 1.4 to 1.8. Therefore, it can be said that the black density is between 1.0 and 1.8.
Second, the role of the black version in color reproduction
1, using the black version can enhance the density of the image contrast. With the current conventional printing conditions, the effective density of yellow, magenta, and blue primary inks after superimposition is about 1.8 at maximum, and the visual resolution capability can reach 1.8 to 2.0. Therefore, the black version of the appropriate tone is used to enlarge the paper. The absorption capacity generally increases from 96% to 98%, ie, an effective density of 0.2-0.4 is actually increased, thereby increasing the overall density contrast range of the image, enhancing the stereoscopic and spatial sense of the image and improving the product quality.
2, black version can stabilize the color of the image. The range of stability depends on the length of the black tone, and the longer the tone of the black version, the greater the range of stable colors. In general, most color-dominated images use skeleton black editions, mainly for stabilizing dark colors and enhancing image outlines. The specific implementation needs to analyze the characteristics of image color and tone to determine the starting point and curve characteristics of the blacktone tone. The tone of the black version of Chinese-style Chinese paintings and neutral-toned images should be relatively long. However, in addition, the dark tone is longer and the tone of the image is likely to become darker. At present, the image platemaking software has the function of automatically generating black editions. If the original hue is standard, the result of color separation and screening is generally in line with reality. The problem is that the proportion of manuscripts used for making plates meets the standards is very small, and the color separation and screening Most of the time when adjustments are made, the color version is generally more important, and the black version is ignored. The starting point and the gamma value of the blacktone tone should be adjusted according to the characteristics of the manuscript and the printability conditions.
In general, the deviation of the brightened medium tone color can be adjusted by adjusting the size of the dot area, while the dark tone of the net image, especially the 75% by dot area, is restricted by the dot area adjustment, and therefore a considerable amount of printed material is in dark shades. Unstable color tone. From the results of a number of printing products tested in Beijing (with the same paper, the same ink, the same measurement and control strip), none of them are ideal neutral inks. Most of them are measured with green filters, and the blue-purple filters Secondly, the measured value of the red filter is low, which indicates that the image is darker in color, but in reality, most images are darker in color. Therefore, the black version with proper tone adjustment can be used. To stabilize the role of medium-to-dark colors, to overcome the problem of darker tone, to achieve satisfactory results.
3, Black Edition can enhance the level of darkness in the image. Due to the limitations of printability conditions and human visual adaptability, the general law of color reproduction is to maintain a bright tone, and some slight emphasis; as far as possible to maintain the middle tone or slightly appropriate compression, usually compression dark tone. For example, for the removal of the background color in most images, the three color shades all reduce the amount of color in different degrees, and the amount of dark tone is insufficient. In addition, the resolution of the visual darkness is relatively strong, and only the color overlay is used. The level of the medium-to-dark tone is obviously not good, contours or lines are empty and the tone cannot be opened. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the black edition, and some black editions will also have background color gains, so that the level of dark tone can be strengthened or compensated.
4. Images with black and gray as the main color, such as Chinese paintings with a long history and self-contained in the field of world fine art, can be theoretically reproduced by conventional techniques, but the balance from color screening, printing, and printing gray is very high. Difficult to master. Products are prone to yellowing, purplish or reddish, while the long version of the black version is much more convenient, the effect is good, when necessary with a special gray version, the copy effect is better, better reflect the style of Chinese painting .
5. The use of an appropriate black-tone version will benefit both printing and cost reduction. Black can be superimposed by the three primary colors. In the process of plate making, the under color removal method (UCR) is used. In the three-primary version, the corresponding portion is subtracted and replaced by the black version. This can not only meet the requirements of the image hue, but also save the color ink and reduce the cost. Because each of the three primary colors of ink is much more expensive than black ink. So on the premise of not affecting product quality, try to use the black version as much as possible.
It should be pointed out that quite a few people have insufficient understanding of the role of the black edition. The actual black edition plays a very important role. It should raise awareness of the role of the black edition and pay attention to the study of black edition production and use.
Third, the type of black tone
In the case of color reproduction, the correctness of the black edition application directly affects the quality of the product. Therefore, according to the relevant conditions and requirements, the black edition should be used flexibly and flexibly. The black edition can be roughly divided into three types:
1, short tone black version. The black tone is shorter than the three primary colors, and is suitable for color-based or bright-toned images. The tone of the black version generally starts from the middle of the image, mainly in the image to the contour of the shadow part, so it is also called outline black version or skeleton black version. It mainly enhances the image contrast, strengthens the medium-to-dark tone level and stabilizes the color. As the original color changes, the tone of the short tone black version is flat and shallow. In the case where the starting point of the tone is almost the same, some tones are quite short, and the dot area is about 0 to 5% or Slightly beyond; some moderate, dot area of ​​about 0-75%; some deep, dot area can reach 0-95%.
2, in the tone of the black version. Generally refers to the black version of the conventional production, it is also called a linear black version, suitable for both color and non-colored manuscripts, such as landscape paintings, manuscripts in architecture and other characters. In order to facilitate the performance of the picture, the tone of the black version can be lengthened according to the characteristics of the manuscript and the suitability of printing. The starting point of the tone can be smaller than the middle tone of the picture, the tone can be longer than 70%, and the dot area can occupy the entire area. About 50% of the map area.
3, long tone black version. Applicable to non-color-based, color-assisted manuscripts. For example, Chinese paintings based on ink tune (coke, thick, heavy, light, and clear) are reproduced in order to facilitate the reproduction of non-colored series. The black version can be made into 0-100%, which is also called the full-tone version. The black version of the dot area can account for more than 80% of the total figure, in addition to the basic color parts, in the three primary colors on the tone should be shortened accordingly. Tests have shown that with the long tone black version, the general yellow and magenta version tone is 0-50%, and the cyan version is 0-25%. It is not difficult to implement with the software features of the Desktop Publishing System (DTP).
According to the above general rules, the black editions are divided into three categories. There are no clear boundaries in practical application. Only the basic principles and application methods are proposed. They cannot be applied rigidly, and should be mastered according to different manuscripts and different printability conditions. To meet customer requirements. Images with bright colors and low density contrast should be based on the three primary colors, and the short version should be preferred. The images with rich reproduction, bright colors, and moderate density contrast should be coordinated between the three primary colors and the black version. The black version is better with the middle tone; copying the image with the non-color occupying the important position will produce better results with the long tone black version.
Existing prepress hardware and software, the black version of the system can be used freely. But make it clear: platemaking is the means, and printing is the purpose. Not only do you need to analyze the characteristics of the manuscript when you are making plates, but you also have to adjust the manuscript's deficiencies, and you must consider the difference in printability (comprehensive adaptability of paper, ink, printing, printing process, and environment), like a set of printing plates, printed on a single sheet of paper. Machine and coating paper printing, the printing effect will be very good. If this plate is also used for printing on high-speed webs and general paper (newspaper or offset paper), the printing effect may be poor. Therefore, the latter's plate-making should be adjusted, the basic color tone is relatively full, the opposite color is less used, and the network line is more coarse. Since the opposite color is used less, the black tone must be relatively long and deep.
The printing color sequence also affects the tone of the black plate. Under the condition that the image tone requirements are basically the same, if the latter is printed black, the black plate at this time is rather short; if the multicolor machine is printed black, the black plate is black. The adjustment can be relatively long and the effect will be better.
Fourth, the relationship between the black version and the three primary colors
In the process of color reproduction mainly based on overlapping colors, overprinting with different area dot combinations of three primary colors can superimpose non-colors with different brightness, ie black-grey series; and black versions with 0-100% dot area can also be generated. Different brightness of achromatic color. Two replication methods can achieve the same effect, so the relationship between the two is very close. Either the primary color version is the main version, and the black version is the secondary one; either the black version is the main format, or the three primary color versions are used as the supplements, and sometimes both can be taken into account. However, regardless of which mode is adopted, the relationship between the black version and the three primary color versions must be properly handled. . In general, if the primary color version is the main version, the black version is supplemented, the tricolor version is relatively long, the black version is relatively short, and the two tones naturally converge, giving people a feeling of continuous integrity; if the black version The three primary colors are all long (the total length of the four editions exceeds 360%). The effect of prints tends to produce gray, flat and stuffy, and it is not conducive to high-speed multi-color printing; if both black and three primary colors are short (Yellow 50 , magenta 50, blue 30, black 80, the total length of the four versions can not be less than 240%), the effect of printed matter is easy to produce light, flat, thin, uneven image density, color tone discontinuous feeling, three-dimensional, Insufficient sense of space.
It should be noted that the black version mainly refers to non-color and mixed colors, the basic color of the three primary colors version is still enough, otherwise it will also affect the vividness and saturation of the image color.
In short, according to the manuscript's color characteristics, printability conditions and product requirements, to the favorable product quality as a precondition, properly handle the relationship between the black version and the three primary colors.
Fifth, the use of monochrome text copy black version
The technique of copying monochromatic graphs is relatively simple, but there are also many problems that need to be studied.
1, the quality of the text: From the printing quality of a large number of books, publications, newspapers, the text strokes have a considerable proportion of fine, ink is light. Stroke thickness is not clearly defined, generally based on the visual assessment of the majority of people in the industry, the offset density printed on the ground is 0.9-1.3. Some of the prints seen on the market do not meet the requirements. Analysis of the main reasons are: First, phototypesetting process, exposure or development discomfort, some of the selected film is not enough contrast ratio, resulting in text and dot transmission density is low, according to the requirements of the field density (including film and fog) is 2.5 or more. The virtual edges of letters and dots should be less than 1/40th of the width; the second is that during the printing process, blank areas may not be dirty for printing, excessive exposure during overprinting, excessive development, or both, resulting in printing plates. Finer strokes, narrower dots, and lighter printing plate; Third, in the printing process, the amount of ink or printing pressure is too small, the amount of water is too large, and some of the background density of the ink is too small to reach the black level Requires clear reasons and comprehensive solutions.
2. Monochrome Illustrated Quality: Illustrations help or supplement the content of the articles. If they are used well, they can beautify the pages and enhance the artistic appeal. However, there is a considerable proportion of black and white image illustrations with gray levels, density contrasts, dark shadows, and other defects. Analysis of the reasons, first, the improper selection of screening curve, monochrome map has a special black version of the curve, can not use the four-color plate automatically generated curve, if you must adjust; second is the fine line of the screen, black and white text based Printing paper is mainly used for book offset and general offset paper. These papers are not suitable for fine line printing due to the limitations of smoothness and other properties. Generally, 100 to 120 lines/inch are appropriate, but a considerable proportion of the illustrations use 133. ~150 lines/inch; third is the improper use of the cable angle, due to the best visual effects of 45 ° or 135 °, so the monochrome image screening angle 45 ° or 135 °, but more is the use of conventional four-color Plate making
"Color is a general term for achromatic and colored." Achromatic refers to the series of white to black in printing. The actual contrast between the maximum whiteness of printing paper and the effective density of yellow, magenta, cyan and black solid ink layers, namely the whiteness, light gray, medium gray, dark gray, black, and sometimes Used to black concept.
In the non-colored series, the ideal white is a fully reflective object, there is no 100% reflective object in life, the best coated paper has a reflectance of about 90% for printing paper, only 50% for newsprint, and other printing paper ( Offset paper, letterpress paper, and dictionary paper are between the two; the ideal black is an object that completely absorbs the visible spectrum, and the fully absorbed object does not exist, and is printed on coated paper, and the effective density of four colors superimposed is 1.8. About left and right, general newsprint is printed in monochrome, with a black density of 1.0-1.2 in the field and monochrome printing on offset paper, with a black density of 1.2-1.4 in the field. The black density of the coated paper is 1.4 to 1.8. Therefore, it can be said that the black density is between 1.0 and 1.8.
Second, the role of the black version in color reproduction
1, using the black version can enhance the density of the image contrast. With the current conventional printing conditions, the effective density of yellow, magenta, and blue primary inks after superimposition is about 1.8 at maximum, and the visual resolution capability can reach 1.8 to 2.0. Therefore, the black version of the appropriate tone is used to enlarge the paper. The absorption capacity generally increases from 96% to 98%, ie, an effective density of 0.2-0.4 is actually increased, thereby increasing the overall density contrast range of the image, enhancing the stereoscopic and spatial sense of the image and improving the product quality.
2, black version can stabilize the color of the image. The range of stability depends on the length of the black tone, and the longer the tone of the black version, the greater the range of stable colors. In general, most color-dominated images use skeleton black editions, mainly for stabilizing dark colors and enhancing image outlines. The specific implementation needs to analyze the characteristics of image color and tone to determine the starting point and curve characteristics of the blacktone tone. The tone of the black version of Chinese-style Chinese paintings and neutral-toned images should be relatively long. However, in addition, the dark tone is longer and the tone of the image is likely to become darker. At present, the image platemaking software has the function of automatically generating black editions. If the original hue is standard, the result of color separation and screening is generally in line with reality. The problem is that the proportion of manuscripts used for making plates meets the standards is very small, and the color separation and screening Most of the time when adjustments are made, the color version is generally more important, and the black version is ignored. The starting point and the gamma value of the blacktone tone should be adjusted according to the characteristics of the manuscript and the printability conditions.
In general, the deviation of the brightened medium tone color can be adjusted by adjusting the size of the dot area, while the dark tone of the net image, especially the 75% by dot area, is restricted by the dot area adjustment, and therefore a considerable amount of printed material is in dark shades. Unstable color tone. From the results of a number of printing products tested in Beijing (with the same paper, the same ink, the same measurement and control strip), none of them are ideal neutral inks. Most of them are measured with green filters, and the blue-purple filters Secondly, the measured value of the red filter is low, which indicates that the image is darker in color, but in reality, most images are darker in color. Therefore, the black version with proper tone adjustment can be used. To stabilize the role of medium-to-dark colors, to overcome the problem of darker tone, to achieve satisfactory results.
3, Black Edition can enhance the level of darkness in the image. Due to the limitations of printability conditions and human visual adaptability, the general law of color reproduction is to maintain a bright tone, and some slight emphasis; as far as possible to maintain the middle tone or slightly appropriate compression, usually compression dark tone. For example, for the removal of the background color in most images, the three color shades all reduce the amount of color in different degrees, and the amount of dark tone is insufficient. In addition, the resolution of the visual darkness is relatively strong, and only the color overlay is used. The level of the medium-to-dark tone is obviously not good, contours or lines are empty and the tone cannot be opened. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the black edition, and some black editions will also have background color gains, so that the level of dark tone can be strengthened or compensated.
4. Images with black and gray as the main color, such as Chinese paintings with a long history and self-contained in the field of world fine art, can be theoretically reproduced by conventional techniques, but the balance from color screening, printing, and printing gray is very high. Difficult to master. Products are prone to yellowing, purplish or reddish, while the long version of the black version is much more convenient, the effect is good, when necessary with a special gray version, the copy effect is better, better reflect the style of Chinese painting .
5. The use of an appropriate black-tone version will benefit both printing and cost reduction. Black can be superimposed by the three primary colors. In the process of plate making, the under color removal method (UCR) is used. In the three-primary version, the corresponding portion is subtracted and replaced by the black version. This can not only meet the requirements of the image hue, but also save the color ink and reduce the cost. Because each of the three primary colors of ink is much more expensive than black ink. So on the premise of not affecting product quality, try to use the black version as much as possible.
It should be pointed out that quite a few people have insufficient understanding of the role of the black edition. The actual black edition plays a very important role. It should raise awareness of the role of the black edition and pay attention to the study of black edition production and use.
Third, the type of black tone
In the case of color reproduction, the correctness of the black edition application directly affects the quality of the product. Therefore, according to the relevant conditions and requirements, the black edition should be used flexibly and flexibly. The black edition can be roughly divided into three types:
1, short tone black version. The black tone is shorter than the three primary colors, and is suitable for color-based or bright-toned images. The tone of the black version generally starts from the middle of the image, mainly in the image to the contour of the shadow part, so it is also called outline black version or skeleton black version. It mainly enhances the image contrast, strengthens the medium-to-dark tone level and stabilizes the color. As the original color changes, the tone of the short tone black version is flat and shallow. In the case where the starting point of the tone is almost the same, some tones are quite short, and the dot area is about 0 to 5% or Slightly beyond; some moderate, dot area of ​​about 0-75%; some deep, dot area can reach 0-95%.
2, in the tone of the black version. Generally refers to the black version of the conventional production, it is also called a linear black version, suitable for both color and non-colored manuscripts, such as landscape paintings, manuscripts in architecture and other characters. In order to facilitate the performance of the picture, the tone of the black version can be lengthened according to the characteristics of the manuscript and the suitability of printing. The starting point of the tone can be smaller than the middle tone of the picture, the tone can be longer than 70%, and the dot area can occupy the entire area. About 50% of the map area.
3, long tone black version. Applicable to non-color-based, color-assisted manuscripts. For example, Chinese paintings based on ink tune (coke, thick, heavy, light, and clear) are reproduced in order to facilitate the reproduction of non-colored series. The black version can be made into 0-100%, which is also called the full-tone version. The black version of the dot area can account for more than 80% of the total figure, in addition to the basic color parts, in the three primary colors on the tone should be shortened accordingly. Tests have shown that with the long tone black version, the general yellow and magenta version tone is 0-50%, and the cyan version is 0-25%. It is not difficult to implement with the software features of the Desktop Publishing System (DTP).
According to the above general rules, the black editions are divided into three categories. There are no clear boundaries in practical application. Only the basic principles and application methods are proposed. They cannot be applied rigidly, and should be mastered according to different manuscripts and different printability conditions. To meet customer requirements. Images with bright colors and low density contrast should be based on the three primary colors, and the short version should be preferred. The images with rich reproduction, bright colors, and moderate density contrast should be coordinated between the three primary colors and the black version. The black version is better with the middle tone; copying the image with the non-color occupying the important position will produce better results with the long tone black version.
Existing prepress hardware and software, the black version of the system can be used freely. But make it clear: platemaking is the means, and printing is the purpose. Not only do you need to analyze the characteristics of the manuscript when you are making plates, but you also have to adjust the manuscript's deficiencies, and you must consider the difference in printability (comprehensive adaptability of paper, ink, printing, printing process, and environment), like a set of printing plates, printed on a single sheet of paper. Machine and coating paper printing, the printing effect will be very good. If this plate is also used for printing on high-speed webs and general paper (newspaper or offset paper), the printing effect may be poor. Therefore, the latter's plate-making should be adjusted, the basic color tone is relatively full, the opposite color is less used, and the network line is more coarse. Since the opposite color is used less, the black tone must be relatively long and deep.
The printing color sequence also affects the tone of the black plate. Under the condition that the image tone requirements are basically the same, if the latter is printed black, the black plate at this time is rather short; if the multicolor machine is printed black, the black plate is black. The adjustment can be relatively long and the effect will be better.
Fourth, the relationship between the black version and the three primary colors
In the process of color reproduction mainly based on overlapping colors, overprinting with different area dot combinations of three primary colors can superimpose non-colors with different brightness, ie black-grey series; and black versions with 0-100% dot area can also be generated. Different brightness of achromatic color. Two replication methods can achieve the same effect, so the relationship between the two is very close. Either the primary color version is the main version, and the black version is the secondary one; either the black version is the main format, or the three primary color versions are used as the supplements, and sometimes both can be taken into account. However, regardless of which mode is adopted, the relationship between the black version and the three primary color versions must be properly handled. . In general, if the primary color version is the main version, the black version is supplemented, the tricolor version is relatively long, the black version is relatively short, and the two tones naturally converge, giving people a feeling of continuous integrity; if the black version The three primary colors are all long (the total length of the four editions exceeds 360%). The effect of prints tends to produce gray, flat and stuffy, and it is not conducive to high-speed multi-color printing; if both black and three primary colors are short (Yellow 50 , magenta 50, blue 30, black 80, the total length of the four versions can not be less than 240%), the effect of printed matter is easy to produce light, flat, thin, uneven image density, color tone discontinuous feeling, three-dimensional, Insufficient sense of space.
It should be noted that the black version mainly refers to non-color and mixed colors, the basic color of the three primary colors version is still enough, otherwise it will also affect the vividness and saturation of the image color.
In short, according to the manuscript's color characteristics, printability conditions and product requirements, to the favorable product quality as a precondition, properly handle the relationship between the black version and the three primary colors.
Fifth, the use of monochrome text copy black version
The technique of copying monochromatic graphs is relatively simple, but there are also many problems that need to be studied.
1, the quality of the text: From the printing quality of a large number of books, publications, newspapers, the text strokes have a considerable proportion of fine, ink is light. Stroke thickness is not clearly defined, generally based on the visual assessment of the majority of people in the industry, the offset density printed on the ground is 0.9-1.3. Some of the prints seen on the market do not meet the requirements. Analysis of the main reasons are: First, phototypesetting process, exposure or development discomfort, some of the selected film is not enough contrast ratio, resulting in text and dot transmission density is low, according to the requirements of the field density (including film and fog) is 2.5 or more. The virtual edges of letters and dots should be less than 1/40th of the width; the second is that during the printing process, blank areas may not be dirty for printing, excessive exposure during overprinting, excessive development, or both, resulting in printing plates. Finer strokes, narrower dots, and lighter printing plate; Third, in the printing process, the amount of ink or printing pressure is too small, the amount of water is too large, and some of the background density of the ink is too small to reach the black level Requires clear reasons and comprehensive solutions.
2. Monochrome Illustrated Quality: Illustrations help or supplement the content of the articles. If they are used well, they can beautify the pages and enhance the artistic appeal. However, there is a considerable proportion of black and white image illustrations with gray levels, density contrasts, dark shadows, and other defects. Analysis of the reasons, first, the improper selection of screening curve, monochrome map has a special black version of the curve, can not use the four-color plate automatically generated curve, if you must adjust; second is the fine line of the screen, black and white text based Printing paper is mainly used for book offset and general offset paper. These papers are not suitable for fine line printing due to the limitations of smoothness and other properties. Generally, 100 to 120 lines/inch are appropriate, but a considerable proportion of the illustrations use 133. ~150 lines/inch; third is the improper use of the cable angle, due to the best visual effects of 45 ° or 135 °, so the monochrome image screening angle 45 ° or 135 °, but more is the use of conventional four-color Plate making
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